Which of the following lists are typical confidentiality exceptions in PSS practice?

• A. Personal preferences of the PSS.
• B. Client's satisfaction scores.
• C. None of the above.
• D. Risk of harm, child or elder abuse, mandated reporting, safety concerns, and court orders.

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is that confidentiality can be breached only for safety or legal reasons. Typical confidentiality exceptions in PSS practice include situations where there is risk of harm to self or others, abuse or neglect of a child or elder, mandated reporting requirements, safety concerns that need to be addressed, and court orders. These are the standard circumstances where sharing information is legally or ethically required to protect people or to comply with the law.

Personal preferences of the PSS aren’t a reason to disclose information, and client satisfaction scores aren’t an automatic confidentiality exception either. “None of the above” isn’t correct because the listed set of exceptions—risk of harm, abuse, mandated reporting, safety concerns, and court orders—are recognized scenarios where disclosure may be necessary.